The Barbarians Invade the Roman Empire The Barbarians Rule in Rome The Beginning of Italian Unity Shattered The Beginning of Russia The Beginning of Scandinavia—Denmark and Sweden The Beginning of Scandinavia—Norway The Beginning of the Crusades The Beginning of the Reformation Changes Caused by the Discovery of the New World The Coming of the Northmen The Conquest of Spain by the Arabs The Crusades: The Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem The Crusades: The Latin Empire of Constantinople The Defeat of the Saracens—Rise of Carolingians The Effect of American Conquests on Spain The Effect of Crusades—Fall of Constantinople The Feudal System The France and Spain Struggle for Supremacy in Italy France: Reign of Louis XI France: The Captivity of the Popes France: The Hundred Years' War Germany: Continued Struggles with the Pope Gregory the Great Lays Foundation of Papal Power The Holy Roman Empire—Strife with the Popes The Holy Roman Empire: Pope vs. Emperor The Holy Roman Empire: Saxon Emperors Knighthood The Moors Driven out of Spain—The Rise of Spain The New Astronomy The Norman Kingdom of Sicily The Northmen in France and England The Progress of France towards Nationality The Progress of Russia The Reformation: England and Scandinavia The Reformation: Germany The Reformation: Spain, Portugal, and Netherlands The Reformation: Switzerland and France The Reign of Charlemagne—Early Holy Roman Empire The Renaissance The Rise and Fall of Justinian's Empire The Rise of Mohammedanism The Rise of Switzerland The Rise of the Franks Tournament and Feudal Warfare The Treaty of Verdun—France, Italy and Germany