Back Matter

Pronouncing Vocabulary of Many Proper Names Used in Mythology

Actæon (ak-tē'-on). A hunter, son of Aristæus, who having seen Diana bathing, was changed by her into a stag, and torn to pieces by his own dogs. Other accounts of his death are given.

Achilles (a-kil'-ēz). A Greek legendary warrior, son of Peleus ami Thetis. He is the central hero of Homer's Iliad. An ideal of Greek character.

Æneas (ē-nē'as). Trojan prince, son of Anchises and Aphrodite. The tradition represents him as landing in Italy and becoming the ancestral hero of the Romans. The Æneid of Virgil in twelve books recounts the adventures of Æneas after the fall of Troy.

Ægis (ē'-jis). Originally the storm-cloud enveloping the thunder-bolt, the especial weapon of Zeus.

Ajax (ā'-jaks). One of the leading Greek heroes in the Trojan War, famous for his exploits, size, strength, and beauty.

Alcestis (al-ses'-tis). The subject of a play by Euripides. When her husband was stricken with a mortal sickness, she sacrificed her life for him, in accordance with the promise of Apollo, that by this means he should be saved. See Index.

Amazons (am'-a-zonz). A race of women supposed to have dwelt on the coast of the Black Sea and in the Caucasus Mountains where they formed a state from which men were excluded. They devoted themselves to war and hunting and were frequently in conflict with the Greeks. See Index.

Aphrodite (af-ro-dī'-te). Usually identified with Venus. Sec Index.

Apollo (a-pól-ō). One of the great Olympian gods. See Index.

Ares (ā'-rēz). See Mars.

Argonauts (är'-gō-nâtz). The heroes who sailed to Colchis in the ship Argo,  to carry off the Golden Fleece. Jason was the leader.

Ariadne (ar-i-ad'-ne). The daughter of Minos, King of Crete. She gave Theseus the clue by means of which he found his way out of the labyrinth.

Artemis (är'-te-mis). The same as Diana. See Index.

Athene (a-thē'nē). The goddess of Wisdom. See Index.

Atlas. A Titan, brother of Prometheus. For his part in the battle of the Titans, he was condemned by Zeus to stand at the western extremity of the earth, upholding the heavens with his shoulders.

Aurora (â-rō-rä). In Roman mythology the goddess of the dawn. Called Eos by the Greeks.

Avernus. A small lake, nine miles west of Naples, Italy, believed to be the entrance to the infernal regions.

Bacchus (bak'-us). The god of wine, son of Zeus and Semele. Another name of Dionysus. He personifies both the good and bad qualities of wine. His usual attributes are the vine, the ivy, the wine-cup, and the panther.

Bellerophon (be-ler'ō-fon). The rider of the famous horse Pegasus, and the slayer of the monster, Chimera, and conqueror of the Amazons. When at last he attempted to mount to Heaven on Pegasus, Zeus maddened the horse with a gadfly and Bellerophon fell and perished.

Cadmus (kad'mus). The reputed founder of Thebes and the in- troducer of the letters of the Greek alphabet.

Calypso (ka-hp'-sō). A nymph living in the island of Ogygia who detained Ulysses for seven years. She promised him perpetual youth if he would remain.

Castor (kas'-tor). In Roman mythology, the twin brother of Pollux. Son of Zeus and Leda, and noted for his skill in the management of horses. Castor and Pollux (the Dioscuri) were heroes of many adventures and were worshiped as divinities. They were placed in the heavens as a constellation.

Centaurs. Monsters represented as men from the head to the loins, while the remainder of the body was that of a horse. They were the only monsters having any good qualities and were admitted to the companionship of men.

Cerberus (sèr'-ber-us). The watch-dog at the entrance of the infernal regions. Represented with three heads, a serpent's tail, and a mane of serpents' heads.

Ceres (sē'-rēz). Roman goddess of harvest and grain. Same as the Greek Demeter.

Chiron (kī'-ron). A centaur, son of Kronos, the pupil of Apollo and Artemis, and the instructor of Achilles. He was renowned for his wisdom and skill in hunting medicine, music and phophecy.

Crete (krēt). An island in the Mediterranean southeast of Greece, 160 miles long and 35 miles wide.

Cupid (kū'-pid). The god of love: the same as the Greek Eros and son of Hermes and Aphrodite (Mercury and Venus). See Index.

Cyclops (sī'-klops). A race of one-eyed giants, represented in the Homeric legends as shepherds.

Dædalus (dē'-da-lus). An Athenian, regarded as the personification of all handicrafts and of art and as such worshiped by artists of old. Being driven to Crete he, with his son Icarus, constructed the famous labyrinth.

Daphne (daf'-nē). A nymph in Greek mythology. See Index.

Diana(dī-an'ä). Identified with the Greek goddess Artemis. See Index.

Dionysus (dī-ō-nī-sus). The Greek god of wine, corresponding with the Roman god, Bacchus. See Index.

Discobolus (dis-kob'-ō-lus). Disc-thrower. See Index.

Dryades (drī'-adz). Dryades or Hamadryades were one of the classes of Nymphs but unlike the other classes, they were not immortal. They lived in trees and were supposed to perish with the trees that had been their abode, and with which they had come into existence. It was therefore a wicked act to destroy a tree and in some cases was severely punished.

Echo (ek'-o). A nymph, who by her retorts, prevented Hera from surprising her husband Zeus. Hera punished her by condemning her never to speak first, and never to be silent when any one else spoke.

Electra. A Greek maiden of legend, the events of whose life were dramatized by the great Greek and Latin poets.

Elis (ē'-lis). A country of ancient Greece.

Elysium (ē-líz-ium). The abode of the souls of the good and of heroes exempt from death.

Endymion (en-dim'-i-on). A beautiful youth who while asleep was kissed by the moon. See Index.

Eros (ē'-ros). The Greek god of love. Much the same as Cupid. See Index.

Europa (ū-ro'-pa). A daughter of Phœnix and sister of Cadmus. Europa was borne over the sea by Zeus, who assumed the form of a white bull.

Eurydice (ū-rid'-i-sē). The wife of Orpheus. She died from the bite of a serpent, whereupon Orpheus descended into Hades, and by the charms of his lyre was allowed to bring her back to life on condition that she should walk behind him, and that he should not look back until both had arrived in the upper world. Orpheus, in his anxiety, looked back, only to see her caught again into the infernal regions.

Fates. The three fates called by Homer the spinners of the thread of life. They are spoken of as daughters of the Night. They were Clotho (the spinner), Lachesis (disposer of lots) and Atropos (the inevitable). The first spins the thread of life, the second fixes its length and the third severs it.

Faun. One of the demi-gods or deities protecting agriculture and shepherds. See Index.

Fury. One of the avenging deities (Greek, Eumendides) represented as fearful maidens and regarded as goddesses of fate. Owing to their power of avenging wrong, they were feared by gods and men.

Galatea. A statue brought to life by Venus in answer to the prayer of Pygmalion.

Ganymede (gan'-i-mēd). The cup-bearer of Zeus. He was a Trojan youth carried to Olympus by Zeus in the form of an eagle.

Golden Fleece. The fleece of the winged ram, the recovery of which was the object of the expedition of the Argonauts.

Gorgons. The three gorgons were Medusa, and two others. They were girded with serpents. See Medusa.

Graces. Three daughters of Zeus and Hera who were the personifications of grace and beauty.

Hades. The subterranean world in which dwelt the spirits of all the dead. The righteous in happiness in the Elysian fields, and the wicked in various forms of torment.

Hector. Son of Priam and Hecuba and chief hero of the Iliad on the side of the Trojans. He was slain by Achilles, who, in his chariot, dragged Hector's remains thrice round the walls of Troy.

Helen. The wife of Menelaus, and daughter of Zeus and Leda or Zeus and Nemesis, celebrated for her beauty. Her abduction by Paris was the cause of the Trojan War.

Hephæstus (he-fes'-tus). Greek god corresponding to the Roman Vulcan. See Index.

Hera. The greatest feminine divinity of Olympus. Queen of Heaven and inferior in power to Zeus alone. See Index.

Hercules (hër'-kū-lēz). A mighty hero, and worshiped as a god of physical strength and courage. Hera would not consent to his being made immortal except he accomplish certain great deeds. These were called the "Twelve labors of Hercules." These were: 1, strangling the Nemean lion. 2, Killing the hydra. 3, Capture of the stag. 4, Capture of the boar. 5, Cleaning the Augean stables. 6, Slaughter of the birds. 7, Capture of the Cretan bull. 8, Capture of the man-eating mares. 9, Securing the girdle of the Queen of the Amazons. 10, Fetching the red oxen. 11, Procuring the golden apples of the Hesperides; and, 12, bringing to the upper world the dog, Cerberus, guardian of Hades. Usually represented naked, with broad shoulders sometimes draped with the lion skin and armed with a club.

Hermes (her'-mēz). The herald and messenger of the Gods. See Index.

Hero. A priestess of Aphrodite at Sestos, beloved by Leander, who swam the Hellespont to meet her.

Hesperides (hes-per'-i-dēz). The name given to the maidens who guarded the golden apples which Earth gave as a marriage gift to Hera.

Hestia (hes'-ti-ä). The Greek goddess of the hearth, identified with the Roman Vesta.

Homer. The Greek poet to whom is assigned the authorship of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Seven cities contended for the honor of being his birthplace. See Index.

Hyacinthus (hī-a-sin'-thus). A beautiful youth who was killed through the jealousy of Apollo. See Index.

Hylas (hī'-las) A boy who was the favorite of Hercules. He was carried off by the Naiads who fell in love with him while he was drawing water from a fountain.

Hyperboreans (hī-per-bō'-rē-anz). The people who lived beyond the north wind: a land of fruits and sunshine. See Index.

Icarus (ik'-a-rus). The son of Dredalus, drowned in the Icarian Sea, which was named for him, in his flight from Crete. He soared so near to the sun that his wings of wax, made by Dædalus, were melted.

Ida. A mountain range in Asia Minor, famous in Greek legend as a seat of the worship of Cyhele.

Io (ī'-ō). The beautiful daughter of the King of Argos who was changed by Hera in a fit of jealousy into a white heifer and placed under the charge of Argus with his hundred eyes. The legend is the same as that of Europa.

Iris (ī'-rīs). In Greek mythology a female divinity, messenger of the gods, and often regarded as the personification of the rainbow.

Janus (jā'nus). Regarded by the Romans as the doorkeeper of heaven and the special patron of the beginning and ending of all undertakings. Represented as holding a scepter in the right hand and a key in the left.

Jason. The leader of the Argonauts in their expedition to Colchis. to recover the golden fleece. He secured the aid of Medea, daughter of the King of Colchis. She protected him from the armed men who sprang from the dragon's teeth and helped him to perform many wonders before he fled with her and the golden fleece.

Jove (jōv). See Jupiter and Zeus.

Juno (jö'nō). The Roman parallel of the Greek Hera. See Index.

Jupiter. The Roman parallel of the Greek Zeus. See Index.

Laocoön (lāok'-ō-on). A priest of Apollo at Troy, who, because he had offended the god, was strangled with two of his sons, by two serpents. This is commemorated by a famous group of sculpture. See Index.

Lares (lā'-rez). In Roman antiquity, a class of deities who were looked upon as protectors of the State and home. But if not respected they were powerful for evil.

Latona (lā-to'-na). The Roman name of the mother of Apollo and of Diana.

Leda (lē'dä). The mother of famous characters, Helen, Clytemnestra, Castor and Pollux.

Lethe (lē'-thē). (a) The personification of oblivion, a daughter of Eris. (b) The river of oblivion, one of the streams of Hades, the waters of which caused those who drank of them to forget their former existence.

Marathon. A plain 18 miles N. E. of Athens, celebrated for its great battle between the Greeks and Persians.

Mars (märz). The Roman deity, the same as the Greek Ares, principally worshiped as the God of War. See Index.

Medea (mēdē'a). The wife of Jason.

Medusa (me-dö'-sä). One of the Gorgons, originally a beautiful maiden whose hair was transformed into serpents by Athene. Her head was so fearful to look upon that whoever saw it was changed into stone. See Index.

Meleager (mel-e-ā'-jer). A celebrated Greek hero who slew the Calydonian lion.

Mercury. The Roman divinity corresponding to Hermes of the Greeks. See Index.

Minerva (mi-ner'vä). Goddess of wisdom, corresponding to the Greek Vallas Athene. See Index.

Minos (mī'nos). A King of Crete, and lawgiver of that island and after his death a judge in the lower world.

Minotaur (min'-ō-tär). A monster of the lower world.

Morpheus (môr'-fūs). In the later Roman poets, the god of sleep and dreams.

Muses (mū'zez). Daughters of Zeus who were goddesses of memory and later supposed to preside over the different forms of poetry. There were nine of them, usually associated with Apollo, who was their guardian and leader.

Naiades (nā'-yads). One of the classes of Nymphs. They presided over brooks and fountains. Represented as beautiful young girls, their heads crowned with flowers.

Narcissus (när-sis-us). A beautiful youth who, for his insensibility to love, was made to fall in love with his own image reflected in the water. Unable to grasp this shadow he pined away and was changed into the flower which now bears his name. The nymph Echo, who vainly loved him, died from grief.

Neptune (nép-tūn). In Roman mythology, the god of the Sea, the same as the Greek god Poseidon. In art Neptune is usually represented as a bearded man of stately presence with the trident as his chief attribute, and the horse and dolphin as symbols.

Nereids (nē'-rē-idz). In Greek mythology, sea-nymphs, generally spoken of as fifty in number. They were beautiful maidens, helpful to voyagers, and constituted the main body of the female followers of Neptune, as the Tritons did the male followers. They were imagined as dancing, singing and playing instruments. Monuments of ancient art represented them as nude or lightly draped, with undulating lines like those of the ocean, often riding the backs of sea-monsters.

Nestor (nes'-tor). In Greek legend, a king of Pylus, famous as the oldest councilor of the Greeks before Troy.

Nike (nī'-kē). In Greek mythology the goddess of Victory, corresponding to the Roman goddess Victoria. See Index.

Niobe (nī'-ō-bē). In Greek mythology the daughter of Tantalus and wife of Amphion, King of Thebes. See Index.

Nymphs (nimfs). In mythology there were several classes of nymphs, as the wood-nymphs who were the companions of Pan, the Oreads who were the nymphs of mountains and grottoes, and the Naiades and Nereids given above. All except the wood-nymphs were immortal and were represented as beautiful maidens.

Odyssey (od'-i-si). An epic poem attributed to Homer in which are celebrated the adventures of Odysseus (Ulysses) during ten years of wandering, spent in continued endeavors to return to Ithaca, his native island.

Œdipus (ed'-i-pus). A legendary king of Thebes who slew the sphinx.

Olympus (ō-lim'-pus). In ancient geography a very high mountain regarded as the especial home of the gods and hence often used as a synonym for heaven. See Index.

Orpheus (ôr'-fūs). The son of Apollo and husband of Eurydice. He had the power of charming all objects in nature with his lyre. See under Eurydice for the story of his descent into Hades.

Ovid (ov'-id). One of the greatest Roman poets who lived in the early part of the Christian Era and was best known for his poems on mythological subjects.

Pallas (pál-as). The same as Athene and Minerva. See Index.

Pan. The god of pastures, flocks and fields and especially of forests. He was represented with the head and shoulders of an elderly man with the hind quarters of a goat. He also had the horns and ears of a goat. He was the inventor of the shepherd's flute, hence called the pipe of Pan. Sudden fright and terror are attributed to his influence.

Paris (par'-is). A legendary son of King Priam, celebrated for his accomplishments and beauty of person.

Parnassus (pär-nas'-us). A mountain range in Greece about eighty miles north of Athens, celebrated as the resort of Apollo ami the Muses and nymphs, and hence as the home of music and poetry.

Pegasus (peg'-a-sus). The winged horse of the muses sprung from the blood of Medusa when slain hy Perseus.

Penates (pē-nā'tēz). The household gods of Roman mythology who were worshiped in every dwelling.

Penelope (pe-nel'-ō-pē). The wife of Odysseus and famous as a model of the domestic virtues.

Persephone (see Proserpine).

Perseus (per'sūs). The Greek hero who slew the Gorgon Medusa. See Index.

Phaethon (fā-e-thon). A surname given to the Son-god Helios.

Pluto (plö'-to). In Roman mythology, the lord of the infernal regions, son of Saturn and brother of Jupiter and Neptune. Represented as an elderly man of dignified but severe aspect.

Pomona (pō-mō'-nä). The Roman goddess of fruit-trees.

Poseidon (pō-sī'-don). The Greek equivalent of Neptune. See Index.

Prometheus (prō-mē'thūs). A celebrated Greek mythological hero. For deceit, Zeus denied him the usc of fire; but Prometheus stole fire from heaven and brought it to earth. For this he was chained by Zeus on a mountain where daily his liver, which grew again at night, was consumed by an eagle. He was freed by Hercules.

Proserpine (pros'-er-pin). In Roman mythology one of the greater goddesses, wife of Pluto and queen of Hades or infernal regions. She passed six months of the year on Olympus, during which time she was amiable and propitious, but during the six months she spent in Hades she was stern and terrible. Hence she was a personification of the seasons, which are pleasing and fruitful one half of the year but bitter and stern in winter.

Proteus (prō'tūs). A sea-god in Greek mythology who had the power of assuming different shapes.

Psyche (sī'-kē). The personified soul in Greek myth, usually in the form of a fair young girl with the wings of a butterfly. See Index.

Pygmalion (pig-mā'li-on). A Sculptor and King of Cyprus. He fell in love with an ivory statue which he had made, and answering his prayer to Aphrodite, it came tci life.

Python (pī'-thon). A sooth-saying spirit or demon. Ancient writers speak of it as a serpent that delivered oracles at Delphi before the coming of Apollo, who slew it.

Remus (rē'-mus). In Roman legend Remus was the brother of Romulus, by whom he was slain. See Romulus.

Rhadamanthus (rad-a-man'-thus). A son of Zeus and Europa, who was an associate judge in the lower world.

Rhea (rē'-ä). In Roman legend a vestal virgin. By Mars she became the mother of Romulus and Remus.

Romulus (rom'-ū-lus). According to Roman legend Romulus was the founder of Rome and its first king (753-716 b.c ). With his brother Remus he was supposed to have been suckled by a she-wolf. After his death he was placed among the gods and wor-shiped as a divinity under the name of Quirinus.

Saturn (sat'-ern). A Roman deity supposed to have instructed the people in agriculture and thus to have brought them from barbarism to civilization and order.

Satyrs. These were deities of the woods and fields conceived to be covered with bristly hair, their heads decorated with horns and their feet like those of goats.

Sibyls (sib'-ilz). Certain women reputed to possess special powers of prophecy and of intercession with the gods in behalf of those who besought them.

Silenus (sī-lē'-nus). In Greek mythology, a divinity, the foster-father of Bacchus, and leader of the satyrs. He was represented as a robust, bearded old man, hairy and with pointed ears, and frequently in a state of intoxication and often riding an ass.

Styx. In Greek mythology a mighty river which flows in the lower world.

Terpsichore (terp-sik'ō-rē). One of the Muses, the patroness of the choral dance.

Tiber (tī'-ber). The second largest river in Italy, the subject of a colossal recumbent statue now in the Louvre, Paris.

Titans (tī'tanz). In Greek mythology a race of deities. Some accounts give six male and six female Titans. In their wars they were said to have piled mountains upon mountains. They are given as types of enormous strength and gigantic size.

Triton (trī'-ton). In Greek mythology, a son of Neptune, who dwelt with his father in a palace at the bottom of the sea. In later mythology the Tritons were a race of pleasure loving subordinate sea-deities with the tails of sea-monsters and often shown with a shell-trumpet which they blow to quiet the waters.

Ulysses (ū-lis'-ēz). See Odysseus.

Venus (vē'nus). In Roman mythology the goddess of love. See Index.

Vesta (ves'tä). One of the chief divinities of the ancient Romans, equivalent to the Greek Hestia. The virgin goddess of the hearth and worshiped at every meal.

Vulcan (vul'-kan). The Roman god of fire and the working of metals.

Zephyrus (zef'-i-rus). A personification of the west wind. Poetically regarded as the mildest and gentlest of all the sylvan deities.

Zeus (zūs). The supreme deity in Greek mythology. See Index.

Glossary of Terms Used

Acropolis. A general name for the citadel of a Greek city, but especially for that at Athens.

Alto-Relievo, or high relief. Relief in which the figures arc so much raised as to be rounded up from the surface. Where they arc cut under so much as to be almost separate, it is called detached relief.

Allegory. A figure which has a meaning beyond the object sculptured. The figures of Day and Night by Michelangelo are allegorical figures. The figure carrying scales, often seen on our court-houses, called Justice, is an allegorical figure. "Pilgrim's Progress" is an allegory in writing.

Antique. A relic or object of ancient art, as a bust or coin.

Arabesque. A decorative design of an intricate interlaced character. It may be painted or inlaid or carved in low relief. Fruits, flowers, or more geometrical figures were used. The Arabs did not use figures of men or animals. Roman ornamentation shows much the same thing with men and animal figures.

Attitude. The posture, action or disposition of a figure or a statue.

Balance. Harmonious arrangement or adjustment; just proportion, especially in the arts of design.

Basso-Relievo (or bas-relief). Sculpture in which the figures project less than half of their true proportions. Also called low relief.

Belvedere. A small open structure, commanding a fine view.

Breadth. Effect produced by grouping in masses, thus making for simplicity. To secure breadth a principal part must be made predominant, and other parts kept in subordination. Thus detail is opposed to breadth. Where lights and shadows in sculpture are grouped in masses, and unnecessary details avoided, an impression of largeness and simple grandeur results.

Cameo. Gems cut in relief, or raised, while intaglio refers to a figure sunk. It is in effect a small sculpture on precious stones where the design is raised. Sometimes, as in shells, the effect is heightened by the judicious use of the various layers in the substance worked upon.

Caryatides. Female figures used as supports instead of columns.

Cast. That which is formed by founding; anything shaped in or as if in a mold while in a fluid or plastic state.

Chiar-Oscuro. The arrangement of light and dark parts in a work of art. The art of distributing lights and shades in a work of art.

Composition. The arrangement of the different parts or elements of a statue or group so as to produce a harmonious whole. Also the invention or original thought or idea of a statue or other work of art.

Classic. Conforming to the best art of Greece and Rome. (See Romantic.)

Carving. Sculpture as applied to wood; the word is also sometimes used for decorative sculpture in stone.

Casting. The act or process of making casts or impressions, or of shaping metal or plaster in a mold—the act of pouring molten metal into a mold.

Chasing. The ornamentation of flat surfaces by means of incised lines.

Chryselephantine. A mixture of ivory and gold in statues. Romans used two colored stones as marble and porphyry.

Decorative. In art, that which has for its end the ornamentation of some particular place, rather than the representation of objects. The best sculpture was decorative—that is, the decorations of the Parthenon.

Engraving. Cutting designs in metal, wood, or precious stones by means of incised lines.

Entablature. The architrave, frieze and cornice above the columns in Classic and Renaissance Architecture.

Foreshortening. The apparent shortening of the length of an object in a picture or relief by drawing in perspective in proportion as it is extended toward the beholder.

Frieze. A long hand, usually decorated by painting or sculpture in relief, immediately above the architrave and cornice in an entablature. Any band around a room or building near the cornice, or even by extension, on furniture.

Genre. That style of sculpture or painting which illustrates everyday life and manners. Odd conceits in sculpture are so named.

Grotesque. Sculptural ornament with quaint and ugly figures introduced by Gothic and Norman architects.

Handling. The manner of execution by which the sculptor produces his finish. The method of manipulation peculiar to each artist. Usually in drawing or painting.

Harmony. The just adaptation of parts to each other in any combination of things; hence in fine arts such an agreement between the different parts of a design or composition as to produce unity of effect.

Ideal. A model of beauty attained by selecting and assembling in one whole the beauties and perfections which are usually seen only by comparing different individuals, excluding everything defective, so as to produce a type or model. Thus an ideal statue like the Venus di Medici is not a portrait of any one model, but an aggregate of many models each of which contributed its special perfection. Reaching an imaginary standard of excellence.

Intaglio. Engraving by hollowing out the design below the surface. A reversed cameo—sunk in the surface.

Manner. A peculiarity or habit, whether good or bad, by which an artist's work may be known. The manner of a master is only his peculiar way of imagining and representing his subjects. It includes his style and handhng and may change from time to time as his ideals and methods of work change. Thus we speak of "earlier manner" and "later."

Mass. To give prominence to a part of a composition, bringing out the principal things and rejecting details.

Medal. A piece of metal, usually circular in form, bearing devices and inscriptions, struck or cast to commemorate an institution or an event, and distinguished from a coin by not being intended to serve as a medium of exchange, or money.

Medallion. Reliefs in stone or metal of a round form; a large medal.

Metope. A panel or tablet of stone, usually square, sometimes oblong, placed at regular intervals along a frieze and divided by triglyphs, generally decorated with designs or groups of sculptured figures.

Model. A living person who serves a painter or sculptor as the type of a figure he is painting or modeling, or poses for that purpose while a work is in progress. Also, in sculpture, an image in clay or plaster intended to be reproduced in stone or metal.

Modeling. The molding of the artist's idea in clay before it is put into the harder material which makes it permanent.

Motive. The guiding or controlling idea manifested in a work of art or in any part of one. That which produces. creation or invention in the mind of an artist.

Naturalistic. The school of sculptors that copied nature.

Patina. The color or incrustation which age gives to works of art; especially the green rust which covers ancient bronzes, coins and medals.

Pentelic. Pertaining to Mount Pentelicus, a mountain near Athens, particularly as to its fine marble, of which it produced almost inexhaustible quantities.

Pedestal. The base of a pillar or for a statue.

Perspective. The art of making such a representation of an object upon a plain surface or in relief that it shall present the same appearance to the eye as the object itself would present when seen from a particular point.

Piazza (Italian pronunciation, pi-at'sa). An open square in a town, surrounded by buildings.

Plaster. A composition of lime, water and sand, with or without hair for binding, well mixed so as to form a kind of paste.

Plastic. Capable of being modeled or molded into various forms, as plaster or clay. Connected with or pertaining to modeling or molding, as the plastic art, that is, sculpture.

Pointing. The marking of precise measurements on the plaster cast, and the marble, by means of a vertical rod with a sliding needle.

Proportion. A suitable relation between height and breadth; symmetry; a balance of equal horizontal parts; symmetrical arrangement or adjustment.

Realism. Adherence to the actual fact. Opposed to idealism. Fidelity to nature or the real life, without appeal to the imagination.

Relief or Relievo. Ornamenting the flat surface of stone or marble by raising the design above it. The projection of an architectural ornament in either bigh or low relief.

Renaissance. Literally, new birth. A term given to the revival of classic art which occurred in the fifteenth century, first in Italy.

Rococo. A florid style of ornamentation which prevailed in the latter part of the eighteenth century in Europe. Same as Baroque.

Romantic. Of or pertaining to the style prevailing in the Middle Ages, in literature and art, as opposed to the severe classical style of Greece and Rome. Romantic or fanciful, marvelous or unreal. Produced by the fancy or imagination.

Sarcophagus. A chest-shaped tomb or coffin. The actual urn which contains the remains of a person. In art the large chest-shaped receptacles were often richly carved and sculptured.

Schools of Art. The disciples or followers of some great artist who advances beyond his fellows and whose methods and influence they follow. Sometimes a school is called by the name of the city where it flourishes; as the Florentine school of sculpture. Or it may take the name of the man who heads it, as the school of Phidias. Or it may take the name of the distinguishing method ot characteristic of the style, as the naturalistic school.

Sculpture. The art of expressing artistic ideas in hard substances. The art of cutting, carving or hewing wood, stone, metals or other substances into statues, ornaments or figures or groups.

Shrine. An altar, small chapel or temple, or other sacred object or place, consecrated to and supposed to be hallowed by the presence of some deity, saint or hero.

Style. The manner peculiar to an artist or a school. See manner.

Symbolism. In art, the presentation of truths, virtues, vices and so forth, by means of signs and forms. Thus scales are a symbol of justice.

Symmetry. Equality or balance of parts horizontally placed. Due proportion of the several parts of a body or group, to each other.

Technique. Method of execution.

Terra-cotta. A very hard baked clay used for statues, architectural decorations, figures, vases and so forth.

Texture. Imitation of the surface of an object.

Torso. The human trunk without limbs. Used especially of that of Hercules in the Vatican.

Triglyphs. Triple uprilrht grooves channeled in the spaces hetween metopes (which see) and, together with these, forming a frieze.

Names of Sculptors and Places Likely to be Mispronounced

Ægean (ē-jē'-an).

Arc de l'Étoile (ark de lā twäl').

Amiens (ä-mē-an').

Apoxyomenos (a-pok-si-om'e-nos).

Antinoüs (an-tin'ō-us).

Assyria (a-sir'i-ä).

Babylon (bab'i-lon).

Barberini (bär-be-rē'nē).

Bartholdi (bär-toldē').

Bayre (bī'er).

Bernini (ber-nē'nē).

Bode (bō'-de).

Bologna (bō-lōn'-yä), John of.

Borghese (bor-gā'se).

Byzantine (biz'an-tin or bi-zan'-tin).

Canova (kä-nō'vä).

Cellini (chel-lē'ne).

Chartres (shärtr).

Cnidus (nī'dus).

Colleoni (kol-lā-ō'nē).

Cousin (kö-zan').

Crete (krēt).

Cyprus (sī'prus).

Delphi (del'fī).

Diadumenos (dī-a-dū'me-nos).

Dijon (dē-zhôn').

Dubois (dü-bwä').

Dupre (dü-prā').

Epicurus (ep-i-kū'rus).

Fremiat (frā-myā').

Ghiberti (gē-ber'tē).

Giotto (jot'-to).

Goethe (ge'te).

Goujon (gö-zhôn').

Hadrian (hā'dri-an).

Houdon (ö-dôn').

Iconoclasts (ī-kon'-ō-klasts).

Ischia (ēs'kē-ä).

Leopardi (lā-ō-pär'dē).

Louvre (lövr).

Lübke (lüb'ke).

Ludovisi (lö-dō-vē'zē).

Lysippus (lī-sip'us).

Medici (med'ē-chē or mā'dē-chē).

Melos (mē'-los).

Michelangelo (mī-kel-an'-je-lō).

Milo (mī'-lō).

Nicias (nish'i-as).

Nineveh (nin'-e-ve).

Notre Dame (nō'tr-däm).

Olympia (ō-lim'pi-ä).

Orticoli.

Padua (pad'-ū-ä).

Palatine (pal'a-tīn).

Parthenon (pär'the-non).

Pere Lachaise (pãr lä-zhāz').

Pharaoh (fā'rō).

Phidias (fid'-i-as).

Philistines (fi-lis'-tinz).

Phryne (frī'ne).

Pigaile (pē-gäl').

Pindar (pin'där).

Pisano (pē-zä'-nō).

Praxiteles (praks-it'e-lēz)

Quintilian (kwin-til'-i-an).

Rauch (rouch).

Rheims (rēmz).

Rhodes (rödz).

Robbia (rob'bē-ä).

Rodin (rō-dan').

Rude (rüd).

St. Gaudens (sānt-gâ'-denz).

Samothrace (sam'ō-thrās).

Scopas (skō'pas).

Sicily (sis'i-li).

Symonds (sim'-ondz).

Verocchio (vā-rok'kē-ō).

Vischer (fish'er).

Winckelmann (vink'el-män).